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Grasping Seven Strategies in Certified Chinese Translation

Author:dongdong   Joined:2013/7/17   Clicks:1610 Secondary

英譯中就是運用中文把英語所表達的內容準確而完整地重新表達出來的過程或結果。在翻譯過程中,值得注意的是:一在翻譯需要表達的是句子或文章的內容,而不是結構;二翻譯過程中,不是將兩種語言的結構進行簡單的轉換。翻譯的過程一般分為閱讀理解、中文表達和審校潤色三個階段。常見的方法有:
Certified Chinese translation is the process or consequence in which Chinese is used to carry out an accurate presentation of the English text. We need to notice the following aspects in translation: firstly, translators are supposed to convey the meanings of sentences or articles rather than the structure; secondly, translation is not a simple transformation of the structures in two languages. The process of translation can be generally divided into three stages: reading and comprehension, expression in Chinese as well as revising and polishing. The common translation methods include:

一、詞類轉譯法:由於英語和中文是懸殊甚大的不同的語言體系,所以在語言結構與表達方式上都存在很大的差異,這就要求我們對原文中的一些詞語的詞性進行轉化(如:動詞轉化為名詞,形容詞轉化為名詞等),才能使譯文暢通。例如:
  The modern world is experiencing rapid development of science and technology.
當今世界的科學技術正在迅速地發展。
[分析]將句中的形容詞rapid轉譯為中文中的副詞。
I. Conversion of Parts of Speech: There’s a huge gap between the two language systems of Chinese and English, thus the structures and expressions of the two languages enjoy a great difference. Consequently, we need to make a conversion of parts of speech of some words in the original text (such as the conversion of verbs to nouns and adjectives to nouns etc) to achieve the fluent translated text. For instance,
  The modern world is experiencing rapid development of science and technology.
當今世界的科學技術正在迅速地發展。
[Analysis] The adjective “rapid” is converted to adverbial in Chinese.

二、增補法:有些英語字句如果照字面的意思翻譯,意念是不完整的,必須根據意義、修辭或句法的需要增補一些中文,才能更加忠實於原文,使原文的思想更完整地再現。例如:
  We need clean air, but unfortunately, air pollution is generally present, especially in cities.
我們需要清新的空氣,但遺憾的是,空氣污染普遍存在,在城市中尤其如此。
[分析]本句為了避免“尤其是在城市裏”的表達不完整,增加了“如此”。
II. Supplementation: If we conduct a literal translation of some English sentences, there will be losses o meaning. Thus, supplementation of Chinese is necessary to be faithful to the original text and completely reproducing the meaning of the original text in accordance with the needs of meanings, figures of speech and syntactic needs.
For example:
We need clean air, but unfortunately, air pollution is generally present, especially in cities.
我們需要清新的空氣,但遺憾的是,空氣污染普遍存在,在城市中尤其如此。
[Analysis] “如此” is added in the Chinese translation text in order to avoid the incomplete expression of “尤其是在城市裏”.

三、省譯法:由於英語和中文在用詞和語法結構上的差異,原文中的某些詞如果直譯出來會使譯文顯得累贅,不符合中文的表達習慣。在這種情況下,就要省略一些冠詞、代詞、介詞或連詞等省去不譯,但是不能影響原文的意義表達。例如:
  There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.
天未下雪,但葉落草枯。
[分析]在中文中“葉落”的概念非常清楚,所以省譯了from the trees。
III. Omission Translation Method: The literal translation of some words in the original text will lead to a cumbersome translation text and be in unconformity with the expression custom in Chinese due to the gap of wording and grammatical structures between English and Chinese. Under this circumstance, some articles, pronouns, prepositions or conjunctions may be omitted without affecting the transmission of the meaning of the original text. For example:
There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.
天未下雪,但葉落草枯。
[Analysis] The concept of “葉落” in Chinese is easy to understand, thus “from the trees” is omitted in the translation.

四、順譯法:也就是說按照英語表達的層次順序,依次翻譯英語句子,從而使譯文與英語原文的順序基本一致。例如:
  He could see that she had been patient all her life, so that now, after years of it, her lips were set in a gentle and saintly smile.
他看得出,她一生含辛茹苦,如今苦盡甘來,嘴邊總是帶著溫柔、聖潔的微笑。
[分析]英語句子的順序,從意思上講,與中文句子的順序是一致的。
IV. Progressive Translation: The original text will be translated successively according to the order in the English expression, thus contributing to the basic unanimity of the translated text with the original text. For instance:
  He could see that she had been patient all her life, so that now, after years of it, her lips were set in a gentle and saintly smile.
他看得出,她一生含辛茹苦,如今苦盡甘來,嘴邊總是帶著溫柔、聖潔的微笑。
[Analysis] The order of the English sentence is identical to the order of a Chinese one in terms of meaning.

五、逆譯法:也就是對於句子結構複雜的英語句子,可以先翻譯全句的後部,在依次向前逆序翻譯前面的句子。例如:
  It is our task to build up a nuclear power station somewhere by the end of this year.
我們的任務是於今年年底在某地建成一座原子能發電站。
[分析]翻譯英語裡面的一系列狀語時,必須按照時間狀語、地點狀語和方式狀語的順序中文習慣表達習慣來組織語句。
V. Regressive Translation Method: As for a complex English sentence, the latter part will take the priority to be translated. The translation order will be from the latter part to the former parts in turn.
For example:
It is our task to build up a nuclear power station somewhere by the end of this year.
我們的任務是於今年年底在某地建成一座原子能發電站。
[Analysis] When translating a series of adverbials in English, translators should organize the translated sentences according to the adverbials of time, place and manner.

六、分譯法:也就是採取化整為零的方法將整個英語長句翻譯為幾個獨立的句子,順序基本不變,前後保持連貫。例如:
  At the meeting decision was made to transfer a part of the students to another school.
會議上作出一項決定,把一部分學生轉到另一所學校去。
[分析]本句的主語的後置定語比較長,而謂語很短,為了使句子結構勻稱,避免頭重腳輕的現象,就把後面的不定式與主句分開翻譯了。
VI. Splitting: The entire long English sentence will be split into several independent sentences with the original sequence to keep a coherence of the sentence.
For Example:
  At the meeting decision was made to transfer a part of the students to another school.
會議上作出一項決定,把一部分學生轉到另一所學校去。
[Analysis] The postpositive attributive of the subject in the sentence is relatively long and the predicate is very short, so the post-infinitive and the main clause are separated in order to have a balanced sentence.

七、綜合法:也就是說翻譯時經過仔細推敲,或按照時間先後,或按照邏輯順序,有順有逆、有主有次地對全句進行綜合處理,英語和中文的字面意思不完全對應,但是內涵是相同的。例如:
One can perhaps get a clearer picture of Japan’s acute population pressure by imagining what Switzerland would be like if that small and mountainous country were inhabited by 28 million people instead of the 5.7 million at present.
只要設想一下,假若那小小的瑞士居住的人口不是現在的五百七十萬,而是兩千八百萬,瑞士會是什麼情景,人民便會清楚地理解日本所面臨的人口壓力是多麼大。
[分析]原文的重點在於One can…population pressure,按照中文習慣,應該先敍事,後總結,所以翻譯時從中間by imagining…入手,最後回到句首,譯出One can…。而且中文句子的意思也有“意譯”的成分。
VII. Synthesis: certified Chinese translation conduct a synthetic processing of the whole sentence based on the time order or logical order after a careful consideration. The literal meanings of English and Chinese are not completely equivalent, but the connotative meanings are the same.
For Example:
One can perhaps get a clearer picture of Japan’s acute population pressure by imagining what Switzerland would be like if that small and mountainous country were inhabited by 28 million people instead of the 5.7 million at present.
只要設想一下,假若那小小的瑞士居住的人口不是現在的五百七十萬,而是兩千八百萬,瑞士會是什麼情景,人民便會清楚地理解日本所面臨的人口壓力是多麼大。
[Analysis] The focus of the original sentence is on “One can…population pressure”. Based on the Chinese convention, followed by a summary, the narrative will be done first, thus the original text will be processed from the middle part of the sentence “by imagining…” to the beginning of the sentence at last, translating “One can…”. The free translation is also applied in the certified Chinese translation.


 
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